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10 percentage calculation modes — from basics to percentage change, markup, tip calculator, and more.
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A percentage is a ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. The word comes from the Latin "per centum" meaning "by the hundred". It is denoted using the "%" sign and is widely used to express proportions and comparisons.
Percentage change measures how much a value has grown or decreased relative to its starting point. A positive result is an increase; a negative result is a decrease. Used extensively in finance, statistics, and economics.
Markup is profit as a % of cost. Margin is profit as a % of selling price. For example, buying at ₹80 and selling at ₹100 gives a 25% markup but only a 20% profit margin. These are often confused in business.
If a price after 20% VAT is ₹120, the original price is ₹120 ÷ 1.2 = ₹100. Dividing by (1 + %/100) finds the pre-increase original, and dividing by (1 - %/100) finds the pre-discount original price.